When you purchase through links on our land site , we may earn an affiliate commission . Here ’s how it works .
The novelcoronaviruslikely spring up in bats , but the pathogen may have then skip into detent before infecting humanity , a new study suggests .
But not everyone agrees with that hypothesis . One expert severalize Live Science that " there are a lot of weaknesses " in the study and that the data do n’t support the study ’s conclusion .
— Coronavirus in the US : Map & cases — What are coronavirus symptoms?—How deadly is the fresh coronavirus?—How long does coronavirus last on surfaces?—Is there a cure for COVID-19?—How does coronavirus compare with seasonal flu?—How does the coronavirus spread?—Can mass circulate the coronavirus after they regain ?
Evolution of a virus
Before the new coronavirus SARS - CoV-2 made the jump to human , two other coronaviruses , SARS - CoV and MERS - CoV , develop in squash racket and passed through other animals on their way to people . SARS - CoV passed through civets and MERS - CoV through camel , and the molecular structure of SARS - CoV-2 suggests that the computer virus alsopassed through an intermediate fauna , but scientist do n’t yet bang which one .
In February , authors of a preliminary study published to the preprint databasebioRxivsuggested thatpangolinsmay bridge the spread between bat and humankind , since SARS - CoV-2 and related coronaviruses that infect scaly anteater athletics similarspike proteins — a bodily structure on the airfoil of the computer virus that allows it to infect cells . But other scientists argued that , despite their spike proteins , pangolin coronaviruses assume many differences to SARS - CoV-2 that make pangolins improbable to be the generator of transmission , The New York Times reported .
With the mystery unresolved , biology prof Xuhua Xia of the University of Ottawa in Canada launched his own investigation into how the coronavirus passed from bat to people . His analysis , publish April 14 in the journalMolecular Biology and Evolution , offered a new solution : dogs .
Xia reached his conclusion by scan the genetical code of SARS - CoV-2 and other coronaviruses for a specific feature article known as a CpG situation , a succession of genetic codification in which the compound C ( C ) is follow by the compound guanine ( deoxyguanosine monophosphate ) . Thehuman resistant systemsees CpG sites as a cerise flag , signaling that an invasive virus is present . A human protein called atomic number 30 finger antiviral protein(ZAP ) latches onto the CpG sites on the viral genetic code and recruit avail to break down the pathogen , grant toUniProt , an on-line protein database . The theory follows that , the fewer CpG sites , the less vulnerable a virus will be to ZAP .
Related:10 mortal diseases that hopped across coinage
Xia discover that SARS - CoV-2 conduct fewer CpG sites than the other experience coronaviruses that first evolve in animals , include SARS - CoV and MERS - CoV. In addition , theclosest known relative of SARS - CoV-2 , the bat coronavirus RaTG13 , take fewer CpG site than relatedbat coronaviruses , according to the analysis . " This hint that SARS - CoV-2 may have evolved in a raw legion ( or raw master of ceremonies tissue paper ) with high ZAP manifestation , " which would send evolutionary press on the computer virus to cast off CpG sites , Xia wrote .
fundamentally , to survive and regurgitate , a pathogen like SARS - CoV-2 needs to be able to elude the boniface ’s immune fighter aircraft , and in this case it would mean getting disembarrass of CpG internet site that could alarm ZAP proteins to the virus .
From the intestines of dogs?
unluckily , little datum live on incisively how much ZAP appear in dissimilar animal tissue , Xia severalize Live Science . So he turn backwards , look for animal coronaviruses with low CpG levels . He found a coronavirus that primarily infects the eyetooth intestine , and thus inferred that the dog gut might contain adequate ZAP levels to drive viral development in this way .
" Only canine seem to have the tissue paper generate low - CpG CoVs during my bailiwick , " Xia said . If a precursor to SARS - CoV-2 gap the eyetooth intestine , then this would have " resulted in speedy evolution of the virus " to lose CpG site and become better weaponed to taint humans , he write in the paper . Beyond the low CpG layer , the newspaper publisher did not note other genetic similarity between SARS - CoV-2 and the domestic dog coronavirus , but suggested that the canid intestine might allow for the right environment for such viruses to evolve .
But why the weenie intestine ? Some research suggests that ZAP mRNA , which contains education to build up the protein , appears in both the wienerwurst lung and Costa Rican colon but that high concentrations conglomerate in the lung , Xia said . It may be that a glut of ZAP in the lungs guard the reed organ from coronaviruses , while the low-pitched concentrations of ZAP in the Costa Rican colon leave the intestine open to dangerous infection , though there are reasons to be conservative in coming to this conclusion , Xia enjoin .
But does this possibility make sensation ?
" I think the data do not support these conclusion , " Pleuni Pennings , an assistant professor of ecology and phylogeny at San Francisco State University , who was not necessitate in the subject area , distinguish Live Science in an email . authorship , whose inquiry chemical group has examine the CpG grade of many viruses , pointed out several weaknesses in the study ’s logic .
Inconclusive evidence
In a 2018 sketch publish in the journalPLOS Genetics , Pennings surveyed CpG levels in theHIV virusand investigated how the pathogen germinate within individual people . She thenled a similar studyof several other computer virus — including Dengue febricity virus , influenza , and hepatitis B and C — to learn how often these bugs turn a loss or win CpG sites through mutations . Her group found that , in general , genetic mutation that add CpG sites tend to be found in viral samples taken from multitude less often than mutations that remove CpG sites from the genome .
CpG - produce mutations may be pricey to viruses in that they alert the consistency to contagion , so over time , evolutionary forces minimize their coming into court , Pennings said . That suppose , many viruses still hold CpG website , so the mutations may extend some welfare " even if it derive with a little price , " she added . So SARS - CoV-2 is not unusual in that way .
" There are many virus with abject [ CpG ] values than SARS - CoV-2 , " Pennings said . " When you wait at all virus , the [ CpG ] value is not unknown at all , " she said .
Xia did find that SARS - CoV-2 contains fewer CpG sites than other animal - borne coronaviruses , and assume that finding is correct , then it raises the enquiry of why that came to be , she add .
But even if there is an evolutionary reasonableness to explain why SARS - CoV-2 lost CpG sites , that evolutionary reason may not give the computer virus a peculiar vantage for infecting humans , Pennings said .
In his paper , Xia noted that studies have " shew an association between fall CpG in viral RNA genome and increased virulence , " entail scurvy - CpG virus seem assort with more severe transmission . However , although organic evolution favor mutations that blue-pencil CpG site , and there ’s a world-wide trend tying few CpG sites to more grave transmission , " it does n’t intend that viruses with low numbers of CpG sites are necessarily more virulent , " Pennings said . For example , the BK virus bear very few CpG sites and resides in the kidneys ofan estimated 60 % to 80 % of adults , but typically only triggers symptoms in immunosuppressed the great unwashed , she note . ( The computer virus was make the initials of the first person it was isolated from . )
If the CpG levels present in SARS - CoV-2 are somehow related to disease austereness , " then this would provide an efficient way for vaccine development , " Xia said . In this hypothetical scenario , scientist could eliminate CpG web site from the coronavirus genome in a lab dish , thereby weaken the bug to the point that it could safely be incorporate into a vaccine . But as of yet , no correlation has been string between CpG and the relative severity of SARS - CoV-2 infections .
Several pangolin coronaviruses include in Xia ’s written report also contained few CpG site , on equivalence with SARS - CoV-2 and the bat virus RaTG13 . Given other transmissible differences between human and pangolin coronaviruses , however , the ancestor portion out between this low - CpG pangolin coronavirus and SARS - CoV-2 would likely have existed over 130 old age ago , Xia said . " We await a SARS - CoV-2 primogenitor to be much more recent , " he allege .
But did heel serve as an intermittent host for the coronavirus ? At this point , there ’s little evidence to indicate so .
Originally published onLive Science .
OFFER : Save 45 % on ' How It wreak ' ' All About Space ' and ' All About History ' !
For a limited sentence , you’re able to take out a digital subscription to any ofour best - selling science magazinesfor just $ 2.38 per calendar month , or 45 % off the stock price for the first three calendar month .
